Side-by-Side Tracing

Whenever you run into problems with SxS, e.g. because an assembly cannot be loaded because of missing dependencies or similar, using the tracing tool which SxS offers can help you a lot. Here’s how to use it.

Start Tracing

You start tracing by calling the following command:

sxstrace Trace –logfile:sxs.etl

This will keep the tracer running until you actually press enter. If you want to stop it through issuing another command, you should call

sxstrace Trace –logfile:sxs.etl -nostop

This will exit as soon as the tracing session was created.

Stop Tracing

In case you were using the nostop option, you’ll have to stop tracing through the following command.

sxstrace StopTrace

Transforming the Traces

As with most traces, you’ll need to transform the traces from the raw format in the ETL file to a human readable format. You’ll do this with the following command.

sxstrace Parse –logfile:sxs.etl –outfile:sxs.log

In the out file you should then be able to easily figure out if your problem is related to SxS or not.

A Basic Framework for Using Performance Counters with .Net Applications

In my last post I promised to tell you more about the performance counters. So here we are: today I’m going to tell you about how to use the performance counter infrastructure offered by Windows in a .net application. On top of this I’m providing you with a basic framework that you can use to author performance counters through XML and then get the code to read/write the counters generated for you at build time. So let’s get started.

Some Basics

Before I go off to the code, here’s a little overview on performance counters in Windows. I’m sure if you’re reading this, you already know about Perfmon.exe, a nice little tool to look at various performance aspects of Windows machines. When plottig performance counters, you’re typically adding the counters you’re interested in. These counters are grouped in categories, for instance Processor or PhsyicalDisk. Each category can contain multiple counters, for instance Disk Read Bytes/sec or Disk Write Bytes/sec. And finally, each counter can have multiple instances, for instance in multi-processor machines, you’ll find one instance of the % Idle Time counter per processor.

What tools like Perfmon.exe do is to grab the values of the counters you selected every second (by default, but that can typically be changed) and record/plot the values. Your job here is to build performance counters that measure certain aspects of your application so these tools can help you in analyzing your performance. And that’s why you’re here, right?

Step 1: The XML Schema

In order to know what we talk about in the XML I announced, let me start with the XML schema. I use this mainly to make sure that what I have in the XML declaring the perf counters makes some sense and is legal input. And of course because Visual Studio tells you that something’s wrong when the schema is not adhered to.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xs:schema targetNamespace="urn:Cymbeline.Diagnostics.PerfCounters"
           xmlns="urn:Cymbeline.Diagnostics.PerfCounters"
           xmlns:tns="urn:Cymbeline.Diagnostics.PerfCounters"
           xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
           attributeFormDefault="unqualified"
           elementFormDefault="qualified">
  <xs:element name="PerfCounters">
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:sequence>
        <xs:element name="Category" maxOccurs="unbounded">
          <xs:complexType>
            <xs:sequence>
              <xs:element name="Counter" maxOccurs="unbounded">
                <xs:complexType>
                  <xs:attribute name="Name" type="xs:string" use="required" />
                  <xs:attribute name="Symbol" type="tns:Symbol" use="required" />
                  <xs:attribute name="Type" use="required">
                    <xs:simpleType>
                      <xs:restriction base="xs:string">
                        <xs:enumeration value="NumberOfItems32" />
                        <xs:enumeration value="RateOfCountsPerSecond32" />
                        <xs:enumeration value="RawFraction" />
                      </xs:restriction>
                    </xs:simpleType>
                  </xs:attribute>
                  <xs:attribute name="Help" type="xs:string" use="required" />
                </xs:complexType>
              </xs:element>
            </xs:sequence>
            <xs:attribute name="Name" type="xs:string" use="required" />
            <xs:attribute name="Symbol" type="tns:Symbol" use="required" />
            <xs:attribute name="Help" type="xs:string" use="required" />
          </xs:complexType>
        </xs:element>
      </xs:sequence>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:simpleType name="Symbol">
    <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
      <xs:pattern value="[a-zA-Z_][\w_]*" />
    </xs:restriction>
  </xs:simpleType>
</xs:schema>

On lines 21 to 23 you find some enumeration values. These map to the values defined in the PerformanceCounterType Enumeration. This is also where you can add support for more performance counter types when you need it. The other elements and attributes are used to describe the category for the performance counters and the performance counters themselves, including the help text that will show up in Perfmon.exe and also including the symbol that you can use in the code to access the counter.

Step 2: Declaring the Performance Counters

Now let’s use the schema we built above. To give you an idea of the context, I’m providing here some of the XML I use to build the perf counters for my SMTP server.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<PerfCounters xmlns="urn:Cymbeline.Diagnostics.PerfCounters">
  <Category Name="CymbeMail" Symbol="CymbeMail" Help="CymbeMail SMTP Server v1">
    <Counter Name="# Total Connections"
         Symbol="TotalConnections"
         Type="NumberOfItems32"
         Help="The total number of connections since the server was started." />
    <Counter Name="# Total Connections Refused"
         Symbol="TotalRefusedConnections"
         Type="NumberOfItems32"
         Help="The total number of connections refused since the server was started." />
    <Counter Name="# Total Connections with Errors"
         Symbol="TotalErroneousConnections"
         Type="NumberOfItems32"
         Help="The total number of connections which reported errors since the server was started." />
    <Counter Name="# Active Connections"
         Symbol="ActiveConnections"
         Type="NumberOfItems32"
         Help="The number of currently active connections." />
    <Counter Name="# Authorization Records"
         Symbol="AuthorizationRecords"
         Type="NumberOfItems32"
         Help="The number of authorization records currently kept in the server." />
    <Counter Name="# Connections/sec"
         Symbol="ConnectionsPerSec"
         Type="RateOfCountsPerSecond32"
         Help="The number of connections per second." />
    <Counter Name="# Refused Connections/sec"
         Symbol="RefusedConnectionsPerSec"
         Type="RateOfCountsPerSecond32"
         Help="The number of connections refused per second." />
  </Category>
</PerfCounters>

As you can see, I create seven perf counters, most of them ordinary counters that count the number of occurrences of a certain event (like when a client makes a connection to the server). I actually also use the NumberOfItems32 type to count the number of active connections — I basically increment the counter when a connection was established and decrement it when the connection is terminated. And I have a couple of counters which count the number of occurrences per second (the RateOfCountsPerSecond32 counter type). The good thing about these counters is that you don’t need to provide your own counter base (check out MSDN for more info on this, starting with the above mentioned PerformanceCounterType Enumeration).

Step 3: Building the XSLT to Generate Code

We already have our perf counters declared, so let’s generate some code from that XML. Using XSL stylesheets makes this very easy: We’ll use the XML as input and get c# code as output that we can simply include into our project. I won’t show the full XSLT here (it’s about 240 lines).

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
        xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
        xmlns:msxsl="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xslt"
        xmlns:tns="urn:Cymbeline.Diagnostics.PerfCounters"
        exclude-result-prefixes="msxsl">
  <xsl:output method="text" indent="no"/>

  <xsl:param name="TargetNamespace" />
  <xsl:param name="TargetClassName" select="'PerfCounters'" />
  <xsl:param name="AccessModifier" select="'public'" />

  <xsl:template match="tns:PerfCounters">
    <xsl:if test="$TargetNamespace=''">
      <xsl:message terminate="yes">
        The Parameter 'TargetNamespace' is undefined.
      </xsl:message>
    </xsl:if>
    <!-- ... -->
  </xsl:template>

  <xsl:template match="tns:Counter" mode="Counter">
    <xsl:text>
      private static PerformanceCounter _</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text>;

      </xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="$AccessModifier"/><xsl:text> static PerformanceCounter </xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text>
      {
        get
        {
          MakeSureCountersAreInitialized();
          return _</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text>;
        }
      }
</xsl:text>
  </xsl:template>

  <xsl:template match="tns:Counter[@Type='RawFraction']" mode="Counter">
    <xsl:text>
      private static PerformanceCounter _</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text>;

      </xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="$AccessModifier"/><xsl:text> static PerformanceCounter </xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text>
      {
        get
        {
          MakeSureCountersAreInitialized();
          return _</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text>;
        }
      }

      private static PerformanceCounter _</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text>Base;

      </xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="$AccessModifier"/><xsl:text> static PerformanceCounter </xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text>Base
      {
        get
        {
          MakeSureCountersAreInitialized();
          return _</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text>Base;
        }
      }
</xsl:text>
  </xsl:template>

  <xsl:template match="tns:Counter" mode="InitCounter">
    <xsl:text>
        _</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text> = new PerformanceCounter(
          CategoryName,
          "</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Name"/><xsl:text>",
          false);
</xsl:text>
  </xsl:template>

  <xsl:template match="tns:Counter[@Type='RawFraction']" mode="InitCounter">
    <xsl:text>
        _</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text> = new PerformanceCounter(
          CategoryName,
          "</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Name"/><xsl:text>",
          false);

        _</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Symbol"/><xsl:text>Base = new PerformanceCounter(
          CategoryName,
          "</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Name"/><xsl:text> Base",
          false);
</xsl:text>
  </xsl:template>

  <xsl:template match="tns:Counter" mode="CreateCounter">
      <xsl:text>
      {
        CounterCreationData counter = new CounterCreationData();

        counter.CounterName = "</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Name" /><xsl:text>";
        counter.CounterHelp = "</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Help" /><xsl:text>";
        counter.CounterType = PerformanceCounterType.</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Type" /><xsl:text>;

        counters.Add(counter);
      }
</xsl:text>
  </xsl:template>

  <xsl:template match="tns:Counter[@Type='RawFraction']" mode="CreateCounter">
      <xsl:text>
      {
        CounterCreationData counter = new CounterCreationData();

        counter.CounterName = "</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Name" /><xsl:text>";
        counter.CounterHelp = "</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Help" /><xsl:text>";
        counter.CounterType = PerformanceCounterType.</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Type" /><xsl:text>;

        CounterCreationData counterBase = new CounterCreationData();

        counterBase.CounterName = "</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Name" /><xsl:text> Base";
        counterBase.CounterHelp = "</xsl:text><xsl:value-of select="@Help" /><xsl:text>";
        counterBase.CounterType = PerformanceCounterType.RawBase;

        counters.AddRange(new CounterCreationData[]{counter, counterBase});
      }
</xsl:text>
  </xsl:template>

  <!-- ... -->
</xsl:stylesheet>

On lines 9 to 11 you’ll find the declaration for the parameters which you can use to change the namespace, the class name and the access modifiers (public vs internal really) for the generated classes.

Starting on lines 22 and 37 respectively, you find different templates for general counters and the RawFraction type counters. I use this to automatically generate the base counter so you won’t have to worry about it. You can do similar things for other counters which need a base counter. Then, starting on lines 63 and 72 respecctively, I initialize the counters, with specialization again for the RawFraction counter types. And starting on lines 86 and 100 respectively you’ll find the code to create and set the CounterCreationData which is used to register perf counters.

You can find the full code in the ZIP file linked to at the end of this post. With this we basically have all the tools we need to actually generate the code as part of the build. We just need to bring the pieces together.

Step 4: Bringing it Together aka Updating the Project

Well yes, I have silently assumed that you have a c# project (.csproj or any other project that is supported by MSBuild.exe) that you’re working on to update. All we need to do in the .csproj is to add the files we authored, then run the XSLT transformation and add the output .cs file to the list of source code files as well. And here’s how you can do that.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003" DefaultTargets="Build">
  <!-- ... -->
  <ItemGroup>
    <PerfCounterXml Include="Diag\PerfCounters.xml">
      <OutputCs>Diag\PerfCounters.Generated.cs</OutputCs>
      <Parameters>
        <Parameter Name="TargetNamespace" Value="$(RootNamespace).Diag" />
      </Parameters>
      <SubType>Designer</SubType>
    </PerfCounterXml>
    <PerfCounterXslt Include="Diag\PerfCounters.xslt" />
    <Compile Include="Diag\PerfCounters.Generated.cs">
      <PerfCounters>true</PerfCounters>
      <AutoGen>true</AutoGen>
      <DependentUpon>PerfCounters.xml</DependentUpon>
    </Compile>
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <None Include="Diag\PerfCounters.xsd">
      <SubType>Designer</SubType>
    </None>
  </ItemGroup>
  <!-- XSL Transform for Perf Counters -->
  <Target Name="GeneratePerfCounters" BeforeTargets="BeforeBuild"
      Inputs="@(PerfCounterXml);@(PerfCounterXslt)"
      Outputs="@(PerfCounterXml->'%(OutputCs)')">
    <XslTransformation XmlInputPaths="@(PerfCounterXml)"
      XslInputPath="@(PerfCounterXslt)"
      OutputPaths="@(PerfCounterXml->'%(OutputCs)')"
      Parameters="@(PerfCounterXml->'%(Parameters)')" />
  </Target>
</Project>

Add lines 4 to 32 to the end of the project file and make sure the paths you’re using point to the places where you actually stored the files. On line 8 you can see that I’m passing the target namespace parameter (called out in step 3) by concatenating the assemblies default root namespace and “.Diag”. This way you can actually put this stuff into a .targets file that you can include in all of the projects which take advantage of this framework.

Starting on line 25 I defined the actual target which runs the XslTransformation task that comes with .net 4.0. I also declared the inputs as being the XML file and the XSLT file — this way, while experimenting with the XSLT, the code gets regenerated also if the XML file hasn’t changed, but the XSLT has.

Using the Generated Classes

So now you have pretty much all the code you need to use these performance counters of yours. All that’s left is actually writing the code which

  1. Installs the Performance Counters
  2. Updates the Performance Counters
  3. Uninstalls the Performance Counters

#1 and #3 would probably be used by your installer and #2 by your application at runtime. Incrementing and decrementing the counters is as easy as

PerfCounters.CymbeMail.ActiveConnections.Increment();
//...
PerfCounters.CymbeMail.ActiveConnections.Decrement();

Where PerfCounters is the name of the generated class which contains all the generated perf counters, CymbeMail is the name of the class for the category (the Symbol attribute, remember?) and ActiveConnections is of course the symbol name for the counter we’re modifying. Isn’t this simple?

As for setting things up (or removing them), the relevant piece of code gets generated for you, too. So all you need to do is actually call it, potentially from a small application that you run — as I mentioned before — from your installer.

// Setup the Performace Counters
PerfCounters.Setup();

// And for the Uninstaller:
// Remove the Performance Counters
PerfCounters.Remove();

Of course you’ll have to make sure that the version of the generated code that’s run by the uninstaller is the same version as the installer did run — else you may end up with stale categories / counters on the machine. But then again, if you’re installing through an MSI package, you get that for free … when done properly.

Summary

In just a few steps I have shown how you can build a framework to use performance counters in .Net applications. On top of it’s simplicity, it’s also quite easy to modify the framework and adapt it to your own needs or extend it to allow more performance counter types.

And finally, as promised, here’s the ZIP file which contains the relevant pieces. Please forgive me for not adding the .csproj file — that actually contains other relevant data that I didn’t want to share. Instead I added the generated c# code file for reference.

PerfCounters.zip (4.08kb)

Fighting Spam

I have updated my mail server code to report some very basic diagnostics data through performance counters (I’ll come back to that in a future post). Amongst the information that’s being logged are:

  • The total number of connections since the server was started.
  • The total number of connections refused (due to server and anti-spam policies) since the server was started.

I’ve looked at these numbers after a couple of hours of the server being online. There were about 60K connections, out of which a bit more than 75% have been refused SMTP transactions because the remote hosts were identified as spam senders.

Spam-small

I received a Letter from the Government …

… the other day. It contained lots of material for me to read through and a form to fill in. But that’s not the reason why I’m typing this.

In order to still participate in certain elections and votes back in Switzerland, I have to register with the Swiss consulate in San Francisco. After doing so, they sent me a letter with additional info and forms. What I find most intriguing is that, even though they’re based in the US, they must have had their paper and envelopes shipped from Switzerland.